• In addition AMPK reduces protein

  2025-02-28

  

  In addition, AMPK reduces protein synthesis and stimulates apoptotic and autophagic pathways through the inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which regulates cellular metabolic homeostasis, insulin secretion, insulin resistance, autophagy and apoptosis (Maiese, 2016). mTOR is th

• Based on their different sources

  2025-02-28

  

  Based on their different sources, the APN inhibitors (APNIs) can be divided into the natural products and synthetic compounds. Bestatin (1, Fig. 1), isolated from the Streptomyces oliuoreticuli by Umezawa et al., is the first reported and only marketed natural dipeptidomimetic inhibitor of APN. Afte

• We have previously shown that the antinociceptive effect

  2025-02-27

  

  We have previously shown that the antinociceptive effect of tramadol, an analgesic that, like paracetamol is able to increase serotonin levels within CNS, is potentiated or antagonized respectively by a 5-HT1A/B nonspecific NHS-12-Biotin blockade or activation (Rojas-Corrales et al., 2000). Moreove

• NLX a k a F or befiradol

  2025-02-27

  

  NLX-112 (a.k.a. F13640 or befiradol), exhibits nanomolar affinity at 5-HT1A receptors, and, in IOX 1 to the 5-HT1A receptor agonists listed above, it presents exceptional selectivity and high efficacy at these receptors (Colpaert et al., 2002, Newman-Tancredi et al., 2017). Additionally, it has sho

• Extracellular adenosine acts as a local

  2025-02-27

  

  Extracellular adenosine acts as a local modulator of cell function via four adenosine receptor subtypes (A1Rs A2AR, A2BR, and A3R) that are involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes [31]. Each is encoded by a separate gene and has different functions, although with some ove

• The gene SRD A encodes the reductase enzyme

  2025-02-27

  

  The gene SRD5A2 encodes the 5-α-reductase enzyme, which converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. Although dihydrotestosterone levels are considerably lower than testosterone, dihydrotestosterone has a five-fold stronger binding capacity to the androgen receptor and, thereby, a considerably mo

• Materials and methods br Results br Discussion ATX

  2025-02-27

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion ATX plays a significant role in initiating and sustaining tumor metastasis [43]. LPA stimulates cell proliferation, migration and survival by acting on its cognate G-protein-coupled receptors. Aberrant LPA production, receptor dna alkylation and signa

• br The complementary role of

  2025-02-27

  

  The complementary role of chaperone mediated autophagy Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) mediates the degradation of specific cellular proteins and participates in the regulation of lipid metabolism, DNA repair, or the response to stress (Kaushik and Cuervo, 2018). CMA provides an alternative pa

• br Breast cancer The interactions between LOX and COX enzyme

  2025-02-27

  

  Breast cancer The interactions between 15-LOX and COX enzymes also affect the outcome of breast cancer. Indomethacin, a COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor, decreased the growth of human breast cancer (BC) cells in nude mice, as well as slowed the rate of lung metastasis formation [41]. The levels of 12-HE

• The known crystal structures of

  2025-02-27

  

  The known crystal structures of class C GPCR VFTs do not include attached TM domains, therefore current conformational data may not accurately reflect the dynamics of extracellular domains in full-length receptors. Nevertheless, compelling mechanisms of signal transduction can still be postulated. S

• Molecular simulation has proven useful in

  2025-02-27

  

  Molecular simulation has proven useful in describing the dynamics and energetics of NMDA receptor LBD cleft closure and the potentiating role of glycans (Yao et al., 2013, Dai and Zhou, 2013, Dai and Zhou, 2015, Dai and Zhou, 2016, Dutta et al., 2015, Omotuyi and Ueda, 2015, Sinitskiy and Pande, 201

• br Concluding remarks It is clear that

  2025-02-27

  

  Concluding remarks It is clear that a disordered l-arginine homeostasis by changes in arginase, NOS and ADMA activity and expression, is not only vital in the chronic airway diseases, hpdp and COPD, but also seems to play an important role in many co-morbidities. Unknown, however, is whether l-a

• Furthermore we also found that

  2025-02-27

  

  Furthermore, we also found that the basic level of ROS was markedly lower in mtDNA-reduced SW480 ro3 than that in the parent cells. Endogenous ROS is most notably produced at the sites of complex I and complex III [5], it might be plausible that the decreased quantity of ROS observed in mtDNA-reduc

• Autocrine regulations of several adipokines e g

  2025-02-27

  

  Autocrine regulations of several adipokines (e.g., leptin and resistin) on adipocytes have been reported (Karastergiou and Mohamed-Ali, 2010, Ye et al., 2010). Several lines of evidence have shown that apelin influences adipocyte functions, such as, lipolysis and glucose uptake (Dray et al., 2008, Y

• This progressive behaviour is summarized in Fig which

  2025-02-27

  

  This progressive behaviour is summarized in Fig. 4, which depicts the variation in convexity of the obtained cut-off patterns for the series of six antioxidants. The form and degree of convexity of the obtained cut-off curves should in principle correlate with the AOs hydrophobicities, and therefor

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